Recently Purchased Hunting Accessories:

AMERISTEP DOGHOUSE BLIND REALTREE APG CAMO NEW US $56.00

Ameristep Doghouse Turkey Deer Blind Realtree AP HD Camo 10412 US $52.99

Ameristep Doghouse Turkey Deer Blind Realtree AP HD Camo 10412 1 CASE OF 4 US $208.96

Ameristep Doghouse Fiber Poles US $16.19

AMERISTEP 814 DOGHOUSE TANGLE CAMO HUNTING BLIND NEW 2 3 PERSON SHADOW GUARD US $76.50

Ameristep New Doghouse Ground Blind 814 US $77.00

AMERISTEP DOGHOUSE DEER TURKEY HUNTING BLIND TANGLE NEW US $78.90

AMERISTEP DOGHOUSE BLIND 814 TANGLE CAMO 6O SQ X68 IN TALL BRAND NEW US $79.99

Ameristep Doghouse Blind Ameristep Tangle US $125.00

Ameristep Doghouse Blind AP US $119.99

Ameristep DogHouse Turkey Deer Blind Bone Collector Real Tree AP NEW IN BOX US $45.99

Ameristep Doghouse Realtree HD Hunting Blind 10303 NEW US $88.49

NEW Ameristep Doghouse Blind US $89.99

AMERISTEP DOGHOUSE TSC REPLACEMNT SHOOT THRU WINDOW KIT US $29.50

Ameristep 814 Ars Doghouse Blind Tangle 20 US $95.37

Ameristep Doghouse Blind Tangle KIN22606 US $120.34

Ameristep Doghouse Blind US $89.99

NEW AMERISTEP DOGHOUSE FIBER POLE REPLACEMENT POLE KIT US $24.99

Ameristep Snow Cover Doghouse US $44.99

AMERISTEP SNOW TANGLE CAMO COVER FOR DOGHOUSE BLIND model 1814 pull on cut out US $48.50

NEW Ameristep Doghouse Blind 7 Mesh Windows Camouflage Hunting QUICK SHIP US $106.16

NEW Ameristep Doghouse TSC Window Replacement Kit One per Box US $19.99

Ameristep Doghouse Blind with Carrying Case US $94.63

NEW AMERISTEP REALTREE AP HD DOGHOUSE BLIND DEER TURKEY WADDELL BONE COLLECTOR US $69.99

Recently Purchased Hunting Accessories:

"In the Ford oil pump the leakage past the poppet flows to the pump inlet,"....... This is fine as long as you know the oil that is vented will not build up in the line and will flow freely back to the inlet, but this could be a problem with any of the arrangements that you mention.....it all depends on the location of the pump.
I would be tempted to relieve the vented oil thru the rocker cover.

Remote Influencing: How to Influence Another Person's Mind

How often have you felt that someone was staring at you? You probably turned around and immediately caught the gaze of the "starer".

Or maybe you've unintentionally done this to someone else.

What has not been realized until quite recently is that when you focus on another person, either within eyesight or geographically distant, then that person subconsciously picks up on your attention. Further still, their physiology changes slightly. Their blood pressure increases for a start....and there are other measurable changes.

Human minds appear to act like an international telephone exchange. When you focus on someone...you "connect" directly with them. There is no error....the connection is always made.

Then along came the remote viewers. And what they discovered absolutely stunned the scientists who had an interest in this field.

The remote viewers found that not only could they "connect" with their target person in real time....but they could connect at specified times in the past and in the future!

That is...they would remote view (connect with) an individual....but before doing so would specify exactly the time and date that they wished to do so.

In fact, all you have to do to remotely influence someone is to specify the exact individual...and also specify the time and date when you want contact established. You then focus intently on that person......and follow whatever procedure you have in mind.

All we are doing with remote influencing is affecting people in a slightly different way....remotely. It is merely an extension of your day to day interaction with others.

The key is mental imagery. You must be able to visualize imagery well, and imagine feelings. The most difficult period is in the beginning. You must watch for every small indication that you are exerting some influence on the other person, and then build upon that.

The purpose of developing this projective ability is to firstly improve your own life...then the life of those around you that you care for.

The most useful application of remote influencing is in the field of psychic healing. You can seriously affect another person’s body cells at a distance. You simply visualize...with deep intensity....the cells in the body becoming well and normalized.

Once you have mastered the process....you will simply find that things go your way. This is because you are unconsciously using subjective influence without even being aware of it. It becomes an automatic process.

When you focus on a project intently then your remote influencing abilities come into play and make it happen. It will appear to you as if you are suddenly having a run of good luck. Don't knock it...ride with it.

And do not be afraid of it because it is a natural talent that you were born with. For the first time in your life you will have it under control.

You can design your life circumstances by consciously designing and focusing the thought patterns and accompanying intensity. Once you have developed the technique, it is quite natural in its use, very much like learning to swim, or ride a bicycle.

About the Author

To learn more about remote influencing, sign up to our very special 3 part ecourse at remote influencing - you'll also learn how to program your dreams and find your purpose in life

Recently Purchased Hunting Accessories:

110L 21 LEATHER DOG COLLAR FREE BRASS NAMEPLATE US $7.00

GARMIN ASTRO 320 BUNDLE GPS DOG TRACKING COLLAR DC 40 FREE SHIPPING US $560.00

110D PINK DAYGLO 23 DOG COLLAR FREE BRASS NAMEPLATE US $7.00

102D YELLOW DAYGLO 16 DOG COLLAR FREE BRASS NAMEPLATE US $6.00

110D REFLECT 21 NEON YELLOW DOG COLLAR FREE BRASS NAMEPLATE VISIBLE REFLECTION US $9.00

100L 21 LEATHER DOG COLLAR FREE BRASS NAMEPLATE US $7.00

LOT OF 6 21 DRK RED DAY GLO DOG COLLARS FREE BRASS NAMEPLATE DEAL OF DAY US $30.00

110D SOLID WHITE DAYGLO 23 DOG COLLAR FREE BRASS NAMEPLATE US $7.00

110D SOLID NEON GREEN DAYGLO 21 DOG COLLAR FREE BRASS NAMEPLATE US $7.00

100D USA FLAG RED WHITE BLUE DAYGLO 23 DOG COLLAR FREE BRASS NAMEPLATE US $8.00

100D USA FLAG RED WHITE BLUE DAYGLO 21 DOG COLLAR FREE BRASS NAMEPLATE US $8.00

102D ORANGE DAYGLO 18 DOG COLLAR FREE BRASS NAMEPLATE US $6.00

100D YELLOW DAYGLO 21 DOG COLLAR FREE BRASS NAMEPLATE US $7.00

104D ORANGE DAYGLO 21 DOG COLLAR 1 1 2 IN WIDE FREE BRASS NAMEPLATE US $10.75

100D ORANGE DAYGLO 23 DOG COLLAR FREE BRASS NAMEPLATE US $7.00

SportDog Wetland Remote Trainer Hunting Dog Training Shock Collar Free Gift US $179.99

102D PURPLE DAYGLO 18 COLLAR FREE BRASS NAMEPLATE US $6.00

1 inch wide Polyurethane Coated Nylon Dog Collar with Free Brass Tag US $8.42

102D REFLECT DAY GLO ORANGE 18 INCH COLLAR FREE BRASS NAME PLATE HIGHLY VISIBLE US $8.00

110D NM DAY GLO CAMOFLAUGE DOG COLLAR 23 FREE BRASS NAME PLATE RING N CENTER US $8.75

110D ORANGE DAYGLO 21 DOG COLLAR FREE BRASS NAMEPLATE US $7.00

Innotek Free Spirit Dog Training Collar US $84.95

100L 23 LEATHER DOG COLLAR FREE BRASS NAMEPLATE US $7.00

102D ORANGE DAYGLO 16 DOG COLLAR FREE BRASS NAMEPLATE US $6.00

110D ORANGE DAYGLO 23 DOG COLLAR FREE BRASS NAMEPLATE US $7.00

112L LEATHER 18 DOG COLLAR FREE BRASS NAMEPLATE US $6.00

112L LEATHER 16 DOG COLLAR FREE BRASS NAMEPLATE US $6.00

112D ORANGE DAYGLO 16 DOG COLLAR FREE BRASS NAMEPLATE US $6.00

LOT OF 6 21 ORANGE DAY GLO DOG COLLARS FREE BRASS NAMEPLATE DEAL OF DAY US $30.00

102D NEON GREEN DAYGLO 16 COLLAR FREE BRASS NAMEPLATE US $6.00

Hi there! I work with USA, and you can certainly find full episodes and more on our site: http://www.usanetwork.com/series/whitecollar/. I also recommend taking a look at our episode guides if you need a quick recap but don't have time for the full episode. It fills you in pretty quickly and gets you caught up in time for new episodes!

White Collar Season 2 Episode 15

This is awesome!!! Watch White Collar - Season 2 Episode 15 Power Play in full video now! In order to watch for free, just find the link below for the stream details now!

This show is one of the best if we are talking about wonderful shows. Just find the link below and you will be entitled for free access to this great episode. White Collar - Season 2 Episode 15 Power Play is now moving ahead with a very wonderful surprise and its getting hotter and hotter. What are you waiting for? Find the link now and start enjoying the episode.

WATCH HERE: Watch White Collar - Season 2 Episode 15 Power Play

White Collar Season 2 Episode 15 "Power Play" Synopsis:

With a view to unmask a collision scheme, Neal and Peter switch their identities.

Peter and Neal work considering the U.S. Marshals to identify an FBI agent who's selling witness locations during trials. Peter finds a lead but decides to shield the agent until he can clear the person's name.

Season 2, Episode 14: While he's still in prison, Neal's rival, Matthew Keller kidnaps Peter. Neal is forced to create a dangerous focus on Keller's former adversary, Jason Lang, in order to save his partner and friend.

Peter and Neal must assume each others' identities to uncover a collusion scheme that may be causing blackouts in New York.

White Collar is the modern crime comedy drama by USA network which was launched on October 23, 2009. White Collar is made by Jeff Eastin who can also be an example of the executive producers on the show along with Jeff F. King.

This is a few convicted white collar criminal Neal Caffrey portrayed by Matt Bomer who finally ends up working for an FBI agent Special Agent Peter Burke portrayed by Tim DeKay. Neal was captured by Agent Burke after three years of doing catch him at the act. Neal escapes a maximum security federal prison. But along with his escape Agent Burke catches him again. Neal offered to assist Agent Burke in catching other white collar criminals same as him. He made a proposal that he will assist Agent Burke catch other criminals using his expertise for art and securities thief, counterfeiter and racketeer but Agent Burke must help him get out of prison knowning that this can be part of a work release program. Agent Burke agrees to Neal's proposal and worked with him in most of his cases and catches other white collar criminals. This show also stars Natalie Morales who plays the role of FBI Agent Lauren Cruz, Marsha Thomason playing as Agent Diana Barrigan, Tiffany Thiessen playing as Elizabeth Burke and Willie Garson playing as Mozzie.

Indeed, we believe that missing White Collar - Season 2 Episode 15 Power Play is a big loss for you. We are giving you the FULL VIDEO for free because we don't want you to cry losing it. Fasten your seatbelts now and start enjoying 100% entertainment with White Collar - Season 2 Episode 15 Power Play. Have a nice day and enjoy watching the show.
About the Author

WATCH HERE: Watch White Collar - Season 2 Episode 15 Power Play

Recently Purchased Hunting Accessories:

TARGET SHOOTING Street Sign arrows guns rifles range bb gun lover gift shoot US $7.99

Bohning 18 LH Target Arrow Quiver w 5 Arrow Tubes Pink US $24.95

NEW Scorpion Venom Target Arrow Release Fluid US $11.99

12pcs Hunting Arrow hunter Nocks Arrows Fiberglass Target Practice Arrows 30 US $27.99

Neet Archery 19 Target Arrow Quiver Black T 103 US $29.95

Neet Archery 19 Target Arrow Quiver Pink N TL 401 RH US $59.95

Neet Archery 19 Target Arrow Quiver Pink ND 252 RH US $59.95

Bohning 14 Pink Youth Target Arrow Quiver w 3 Tubes LH US $19.95

Bohning 14 Red Youth Target Arrow Quiver w 3 Tubes US $19.95

50 Target Darts 40cal Blowgun Arrows FREE SHIPPING US $8.00

Neet Archery 19 Lite Target Arrow Quiver Blue NTL 302 US $26.95

Bohning 18 RH Target Arrow Quiver w 5 Arrow Tubes Pink US $24.95

Neet Archery 19 Target Arrow Quiver Black T 100 US $37.95

Neet Archery 19 Lite Target Arrow Quiver Red NTL 302 US $26.95

Acceleration due to gravity acts on the bullet over a distance of 1m. Find time to hit ground:
d= 1/2 at^2

use the time in s and speed to find how far it travels towards target.

Shop Our Huge Selection of Lighted Arrow Nocks From Firenocks, Easton Tracer Nocks, G5 G Force Lighted Nocks and CX Lighted Nocks

Leading fear of galore of conventional lighted nocks is that they do not come through to break in the target very poorly. Moreover when the tiptoe of orthodox lighted nocks touches the skin or bone, there is a plenty of rubbing affected. Very frequently, producers of conventional lighted nocks take over the top designing prospects, which are deterrent with the execution. This latest designing might induce a monumental measure of deprivation of kinetic push, which outcomes in imprecise strokes. This reduction in moving energy can make a smaller collision with the prey and thus consequences the penetration. This bad tissue penetration a great deal hinders the arrow to get out the body of the animal / target. It thus does not upshot in any blood trail. Calculating on the other side, rage lighted nocks is peculiarly fashioned with features like hindmost deploying blades meaning that it upshots in a very high shock reach to the game leading in grand diameter cuts.

Few of the variant great advantages that the assembling of rage lighted nocks renders over the established lighted nocks are:

Rage lighted nocks has a marginal deviation:

One of the overwhelming gains of the rage lighted nocks is that they serve in commanding diversion to hold it to bare nominal. Primitive and prescribed lighted nocks have a chance of supplying angular shots, which would reason into imprecise shots or kind of even the most exactly targeted arrow shots can become away when it meets the object.

Whereas, in using rage lighted nocks, the exceptional conception characteristics a tip that cuts the skin instantly upon hit. This in act furnishes not a tough route for the hindmost vanes to drive through and fully extend outwards. This style, there is no danger of an angular shot, or any sort of diversion, leading into an gratifying incursion in a correct course.

Rage lighted nocks spreads out on impact:

Different deservingness of the rage lighted nocks is that they open out in maximum, one time they strike the object. Majority of the established lighted nocks do not succeed in opening amply outwards for quite a spell until they are inmost the place. The grand hind end deploying vane of the rage lighted nocks is utilizable to open altogether outwards as shortly as the blade builds striking with the aim, which in turn induce affluent to sustain a extended wound diameter hence leaving in an accelerated kill that is promptly performed. This is of course the overwhelming aim of any hunting mission.

Rage lighted nocks cuts driving energy to a zero mark:

traditional lighted nocks tends to miss out on the most worth kinetic energy once the blade deployment materializes. Whereas in the case of rage lighted nocks the exceptional tail end deployment of blades helps marginal digression and thence there is no expiration of dynamic energy.

Rage lighted nocks wide diameter cut:

Divergent to conventional lighted nocks, creating gentler diameter cuts, in the rage lighted nocks the cut is about twice gigantic. Merely identical a immaculate sphere target the rage lighted nocks fly with complete precision and majestic fastness and cuts through the object with a whopping circumference wound cut. There are two varieties of vanes in these lighted nocks that is to say the 2 inch and 3 inch snappy blades.

Rage lighted nocks lets in floating practicing head.

One of the singular advantages of the rage lighted nocks is that each bundle includes a floating exercise head that is taken. This can be very functional for any bow huntsman who wants to try out the broadhead's flying capability. This exercise head can be utilised to the flying conduct and compare with the frequent broadhead.

Rage lighted nocks are without rubber bands:

Final to talk about here but not the to the lowest degree, the most fundamental advantage of the rage lighted nocks is that they come without any rubber stripes. The inmost Shock-Lock system keeps the vanes in their place and there is a particular O-ring over the head's foundation. All that one wants to serve is to push the blade into the position and then engage it with a light click. This will lock the blades into the situation for striking. thence it obviates the danger of dropping off rubber bands or even the tiresome labor of substituting them after a hit.

About the Author

Lighted Nocks
are very classy product available at http://shop.eaglearchery.com

Recently Purchased Hunting Accessories:

BORE SNAKE 9mm 45 40 CLP HARD PISTOL GUN CASE DUST BRUSH 3 PIECE WIRE BRUSHES US $35.88

Recently Purchased Hunting Accessories:

NCSTAR MEDIUM SIZE TRIPOD FOR SPOTTING SCOPE CAMERA US $29.99

The Optilok is made specifically for the 85. You will need medium height for a 40mm objective.

Best Advertising – Choose The Right Medium

Those who are in the world of business need to choose the right media for best advertising their products or services in order to ensure good return.Every medium has its own virtues and vices to consider.While choosing the right media good advertising strategy focuses on three factors: marketing objective,marketing budget and the characteristics of target consumers.Here are the good and bad sides of some of the most used advertising media.

Newspapers

In the print media category newspaper is the most traditional medium of advertising used by big and small enterprises alike.
Ads in newspapers reach out to a large number of people within a specific geographic region. Newspaper ads not only give good exposure to your product message you can publish then within one or two days from the day you produce your ad copy. Thus newspaper advertising is ideal for reflecting constantly changing market condition.
On the negative side there is poor printing and paper quality that mar the creativity. Ad space is quite expensive and smaller classified advertisements can be overlooked because of the larger ads. Moreover, ads have shorter life span as readers usually go through newspaper only once.

Magazines

Magazine ads are more precise and more expensive compared to newspaper advertising. And they are far more attractive too because of superior quality paper and printing. This medium allows you better targeting of consumers as advertisers can choose publications that cater to their target prospects.
With longer lead time you have to plan for monthly or weekly ads only that in turn heighten the risk of the ad being surpassed by events.Limited scope of ad placing and formatting might make this kind of advertising less fruitful.

Radio

Since its invention radio has become one of the most popular medium all around the world.By advertising on radio you can send messages to people anytime anywhere as it is portable and can be played anywhere.Variety in radio programs ensure efficient targeting of potential buyers and get quick and definite response.Negotiable rates and creative help without cost make radio an enticing advertising medium.
On the contrary,you may have to run your ad on multiple stations as listeners can tune in to different stations. Some people feel it annoying as ads interrupt their favorite program.With listeners' tune out possibility advertiser needs to put forth a lot of effort to capture them.The worst is that once the ad is over listeners can not go back to it again if they missed out some of the points.

Television

Television,with its ever growing popularity and wide reach,lets you reach to a large number of people nationwide.Independent cable channels create new opportunities to locate and attract consumers in a particular region within short time period.Being a visual medium it provides ample scope for creativity with image,sound and motion.
The dimmed side of television advertising includes temporariness and requirement of multiple exposures in order to stand out. Advertiser network mostly concentrate on local broadcast and breaks which can cause a problem when you target viewers nationwide.In addition,limited time and high cost curb the amount of information you want to deliver.And finally you have to be careful about your social responsibility as an advertiser while designing an ad for the television.

Internet

Last but not the least is online advertising.On World Wide Web you can focus on specialty advertising with wide variety of software and hardware support.Flexibility of use and selective distribution of ads narrow down the targetaudience.Advertising on Internet creates instant awareness and allow users to retain those ad items if they feel like.
The major disadvantage of online advertising is that targeting and reaching the market is quite difficult as not everyone use it for his or her business.It takes long to design and develop promotions on the web.
These apart,there are various other ways to convey your promotional message such as telemarketing and direct mailing that ensure direct and quick response.

About the Author

Steve is a media professional and writes for different online publications on media and advertising industry.For more information on successful advertising strategy and online advertising he recommends you to visit http://www.adweek.com/ and http://www.adweekmedia.com.

Recently Purchased Hunting Accessories:

How to recycle your empty ink cartridges with UK Ink Supplies?

Millions of ink and toner cartridges are simply thrown away every year, ending up in landfill sites across the world. The plastics and metals they contain take thousands of years to decompose. Recycling helps prevent this. Re-using what would normally be thrown away has dramatic effects. It not only protects our environment, recycling slows mans consumption of the Earth's already depleted resources.

UK Ink Supplies wholly support recycling initiatives which can benefit the environment. This is why we send out a FREEPOST envelope with orders to enable you to recycle your old ink cartridges quickly and easily. All you need to do is put your old ink cartridge into the FREEPOST envelope provided and drop it into a post box. It is a FREEPOST address so there is no cost to you. Alternatively you can send your old cartridges to our offices in Lincoln or Wigan, and we will send them on for recycling. Our recycling partner, The Recycling Factory have designed processes and manufactured equipment to clean and refill used ink cartridges. Any cartridges that are unusable or damaged are then broken down and the plastics and metals that are recovered are recycled - not sent to landfill.

The Recycling Factory are able to recycle virtually all ink cartridges manufactured by Hewlett Packard, Lexmark and Dell. Unfortunately, for legal reasons, cartridges manufactured by Epson, and many manufactured by Canon cannot be recycled.

If you have received an order from UK Ink Supplies and we have sent a FREEPOST "recycling" bag, this will generally indicate your cartridges are suitable for recycling. If you require a free FREEPOST "recycling" bag, then contact UK Ink Supplies.

About the Author

UKInkSupplies.com is an Internet Mail Order Company based in the historic city of Lincoln, UK.  We specialise in Digital Imaging Supplies, our forte being consumables ie. ink and laser toner printer cartridges.  As our name suggests UK Ink Supplies specialises in the supply of recycled, compatible and original inkjet consumables for your printer.  We are an official Jet Tec ink cartridges retailer and stock the complete Jettec product range.

Recently Purchased Hunting Accessories:

tac Sniper GHILLIE CAMOFLAGE SUIT WOODLAND camo ADULT FAT BOY M L Med Lg 5pc Set US $96.90

4 piece woodland ghillie suit jacket Be Ready For Turkey Season Med Lg size US $74.95

Ghillie Gillie Suit Parka With Hood Woodland Camo Med LG NEW 3 4 Length US $49.95

Bushrag Ghillie Flage 1 piece Camouflage Ghillie Suit Size Med Lg TIMBER PATTERN US $123.71

4 Piece Ghillie Suit Medium to Large Size Paintball Tactical Camo Clothing US $119.99

Special Ops Paintball Hunter Ghillie Suit MOSSY Pattern Size Medium US $99.97

Special Ops Paintball Hunter Ghillie Suit Woodland Pattern Size Medium US $97.99

Ultra light Ghillie Suit Jacket WoodLand Size Medium Large US $101.51

Ghillie Flage Suit Desert Size Medium Large US $157.61

Ultra light Ghillie Suit Jacket Desert Size Medium Large US $101.51

Ultra Light Ghillie Suit Pants Desert Size Medium Large US $101.51

Ghillie Flage Suit Woodland Size Medium Large US $157.61

Swiss Link 4 Piece Ghillie Suit Set Desert Size Med Lge US $79.95

Paintball Sniper 4 Piece Desert Ghillie Suit Set Med LG US $79.99

Ghillie Gillie Suit Army Digital Camo Med LG 5pc NEW Best Suit For $ Cool Colors US $79.95

NEW Ghillie Gillie Suit 5 Piece NIGHT FIGHTER Size Med Large Best Suit For $ US $79.95

Sniper Ghillie Suit Jacket Woodland Medium US $187.65

Sniper Ghillie Suit Jacket Desert Medium US $187.65

Ghillie Suit Jacket Leafy Medium US $180.41

Ghillie Suit Pants Woodland Medium US $112.58

Ghillie Suit Pants Mossy Medium US $112.58

Ghillie Suit Jacket Woodland Medium US $180.41

Ghillie Suit Jacket Mossy Medium US $180.41

Ghillie Suit Pants Desert Medium US $112.58

Ghillie Suit Jacket Desert Medium US $180.41

Sniper Ghillie Suit Jacket Leafy Medium US $187.65

Sniper Ghillie Suit Jacket Mossy Medium US $187.65

Ghillie Suit Pants Leafy Medium US $112.58

4 pc Ghillie Suit Brand NewPaintball Huntuing Outdoor Fun Camo medium large US $64.99

LIGHT WEIGHT 5 PC GHILLIE SUIT WOODLAND CAMOUFLAGE SZ MED LRG E1147 US $98.00

Judging from your description, you might want to find a woodland ghillie suit. Try to find one that doesn't look like a blanket.

http://www.ghilliesuitwarehouse.com/products/Chameleon-Ghillie-Suit.html

I suppose that would be fine.

How to Make a Ghillie Suit

purpose of the suit, as well as the quality and longevity you want from the finished product, you may spend many hours preparing, making, and seasoning it before you can put it to use. When a ghillie suit is made from scratch, these tasks can take as many as 100 hours to complete. For a small cost, however, you can buy most of the materials you need to put your camouflage together more quickly and easily. A third option is to buy a ghillie suit that is pre-made and ready to wear.

A ghillie suit starts with a foundation, usually a battle dress uniform (BDU) comprising pants and jacket, a flight suit, or simply an old pair of coveralls. If you improvise your own foundation suit by using such garments as old coveralls, make sure they are first washed with a detergent that has no scented chemicals added. When you need your ghillie suit to provide cover only from the waist up, leaving your legs free for movement, you can plan to make a net poncho covered with ghillie material rather than a full suit.

Dedicated people who are determined to make their own ghillie suits from scratch need to buy burlap in preparation for the most time-consuming and tedious part of the operation. This involves dyeing the burlap to various shades ranging from medium green to brown, cutting it into strips, and sewing the strips onto the foundation suit with the ends of the higher strips overlapping the attachment points of the lower strips by about half an inch to provide coverage. Alternatively, you can first sew and glue netting to the foundation suit, then attach the dyed burlap strips or jute twine to the netting. Be careful not to finish with blocks of strips in similar coloring, as this will defeat the aim of using the ghillie suit to merge into the background.

The dye colors should be chosen to blend in with the area where you will be wearing your ghillie suit. You can also increase the authentic look by taking the suit to the area and rolling it around in the local vegetation, or by adding some of the vegetation to the strips on the netting or the suit. Keep in mind, however, when making your ghillie suit, that burlap is hot and heavy. If you add too much to it, you may find it difficult to move as quickly as you may need, as well as being uncomfortable, particularly in hot weather.

You can omit the dyeing and cutting, but still have a hand in the making of your ghillie suit by buying a ghillie kit that includes all the materials you need, as well as assembly instructions. These can be ordered in the custom color combination you want or bought in available patterns, and can take from five to 10 hours to complete by hand. If time is a factor, a pre-made ghillie suit costs more than a kit, but saves time and effort.

When making your own ghillie suit, you need to remember that Hessian and burlap are highly inflammable and take appropriate precautions to treat it. This need should not apply to the ghillie suits and kits available for purchase, because they are usually treated with fire retardants before you buy them or are made of fire resistant materials. They are also often made of materials that are lighter and cooler than burlap, making them more comfortable, if less traditional, than the type of ghillie suit you would make yourself.

About the Author

Tyler is a manager at Ghillie-Suit.net. The company features a wide selection of ghillie suits and ghillie kits for hunting, paintball, and the military.

Recently Purchased Hunting Accessories:

Inheritance Concepts In Java

Inheritance

• One of OOPs' strength is Inheritance. Inheritance allows the creation of hierarchical classifications' of classes.
• Inheritance means, one can create a general class that defines certain properties common to a set of related items, and then this class can be inherited by other classes, each adding those properties.
• Super Class :In java, a class that is inherited is called super class.
• Sub Class : In java, the class that does the inheriting is called a subclass. In other words, a sub class is a specialized version of a super class. It inherits all of the permitted instance variables and permitted member methods, defined by the super class and adds its own, unique elements.
• The super class also can be used to create an object in main () method, further a subclass can be a super class for another subclass.
• To inherit a class, simply use extends key word
• The general form of a class declaration that inherits super class

class subclass-name extends superclass-name{

// body of class.

}

• Remember:

ü  You can specify only one super class for any subclass.(java does not support multiple class inheritance, into a single sub class, This differs from C++, in which you can inherit multiple base classes, into a single derived class). Thus java does not support multiple inheritance but supports only multi level inheritance.

ü  No class can be a super class of it self.

/*

This program illustrates the power of inheritance. class Box is a super class and the sub classBoxWeight inherits the Box class, by using the extends keyword

*/

class Box{

double width,height,depth;

//constructor used when no dimensions specified.

Box(){

width = height = depth = -1;

}

// constructor used when all dimensions specified.

Box(double w, double h, double d){

width = w;height = h;depth = d;

}

//constructor used when cube is created.

Box(double side){

width = height = depth = side;

}

// construct clone of an object

Box(Box obj){

width = obj.width;

height = obj.height;

depth = obj.depth;

}

// compute return volume

double volume (){

return depth * height * depth;

}

}

// here, Box is extended to include weight

class BoxWeight extends Box{

double weight; // weight of Box

// constructor for BoxWeight class

BoxWeight(double w, double h, double d, double m){

width = w;

height = h;

depth = d;

weight = m;

}

}

class BoxWeightDemo{

public static void main(String args[]){

BoxWeight MyBox1 = new BoxWeight(23.33,33.33,43.33,50);

BoxWeight MyBox2 = new BoxWeight(33.33,43.33,53.33,150);

double vol = MyBox1.volume();

System.out.println("volume of MyBox1 is  : "+vol);

System.out.println("weight of MyBox1 is  : "+MyBox1.weight+" kgs");

vol = MyBox2.volume();

System.out.println("volume of MyBox2 is  : "+vol);

System.out.println("weight of MyBox2 is  : "+MyBox2.weight+" kgs");

}

}

Explanation : A major advantage of inheritance is that once a class is created it can be used, as a super class to create any number of subclasses and each subclass can precisely tailor its own classification. Now consider this example, which again makes use of Box class.

/* A class inherits Box and adds color attribute */

/*  This program illustrates the power of inheritance  */

class Box{

double width,height,depth;

//constructor used when no dimensions specified.

Box(){

width = height = depth = -1;

}

// constructor used when all dimensions specified.

Box(double w, double h, double d){

width = w;

height = h;

depth = d;

}

//constructor used when cube is created.

Box(double side){

width = height = depth = side;

}

// construct clone of an object

Box(Box obj){

width = obj.width;

height = obj.height;

depth = obj.depth;

}

// compute return volume

double volume (){

return depth * height * depth;

}

}

// here, Box is extended to include color

class BoxColor extends Box{

String color; // color of Box

// constructor for BoxColor class

BoxColor(double w, double h, double d, String str){

width =  w;

height = h;

depth =  d;

color =str;

}

}

class BoxColorDemo{

public static void main(String args[]){

BoxColor MyBox1 = new BoxColor(23.33,33.33,43.33,"RED");

BoxColor MyBox2 = new BoxColor(33.33,43.33,53.33,"BLUE");

double vol = MyBox1.volume();

System.out.println("volume of MyBox1 is  : "+vol);

System.out.println("Color of MyBox1 is  : "+MyBox1.color);

vol = MyBox2.volume();

System.out.println("volume of MyBox2 is  : "+vol);

System.out.println("Color of MyBox2 is  : "+MyBox2.color);

}

}

Explanation : Compare this subclass ColorBox and BoxWeight. Each subclass adds its own unique attributes. This is the strength of inheritance.

A Superclass Variable Can Reference a Subclass Object

• A reference variable of a superclass can be assigned a reference to any subclass derived from that superclass.
• This aspect of inheritance is quite useful in a variety of situations.

/*consider the below example in which a super class variable references a subclass Object.*/

class Box{

double WIDTH,LENGTH,HEIGHT;

Box()

{

WIDTH=LENGTH=HEIGHT=-1;

}

Box(double side)

{

WIDTH=LENGTH=HEIGHT=side;

}

Box(double WIDTH,double LENGTH,double HEIGHT)

{

this.LENGTH = LENGTH;

this.WIDTH = WIDTH;

this.HEIGHT = HEIGHT;

}

Box(Box obj)

{

WIDTH  =  obj.WIDTH;

LENGTH = obj.LENGTH;

HEIGHT = obj.WIDTH;

}

double volume(){

return (LENGTH * WIDTH * HEIGHT);

}

}

class BoxWeight extends Box

{

double WEIGHT;

BoxWeight()

{

super();

WEIGHT=-1;

}

BoxWeight(double side,double WEIGHT)

{

super(side);

this.WEIGHT = WEIGHT;

}

BoxWeight(double WIDTH,double LENGTH,double HEIGHT,double WEIGHT){

super(WIDTH,LENGTH,HEIGHT);

this.WEIGHT = WEIGHT;

}

BoxWeight(BoxWeight obj){

super(obj);

this.WEIGHT = obj.WEIGHT;

}

}

class RefDemo

{

public static void main(String args[])

{

BoxWeight weightbox = new BoxWeight(3,5,7,8.37);

Box       plainbox  = new Box();

System.out.println("The volume of the box "+weightbox.volume());

System.out.println("The weight of the box "+weightbox.WEIGHT);

//Now assign BoxWeight reference to Box reference

plainbox = weightbox;

//The following statement is valid because Box defines volume() method

System.out.println("The volume of the box "+plainbox.volume());

//The following statement is invalid because Box doesnot define WEIGHT member

// System.out.println("The weight of the box "+plainbox.WEIGHT);

}

}

Explanation: It is the type of reference variable, that determines what members can be accessed. when a reference to a subclass object is assigned to a superclass reference variable, we will have access to those parts of the object defined by the superclass. This makes sense, because superclass has no knowledge of what a subclass adds to it.This is why the last code in the above program is illegal and hence is commented.

Member Access and Inheritance

• Although a subclass includes all of the members of its super class, it cannot access those members of the superclass that have been declared as private.
• Java provides a solution, for this problem, by using a key word super.

Using Super

• When u declare member variables of a class using access specifier, private and if you use  that class as super class, then  there would be no way for a subclass to directly access or initialize these variables, on its own(because the primary attribute of OOP's, encapsulation is implemented).
• Java provides a solution, for this problem,by using a key word super.
• Whenever a subclass needs to refer to its super class, it can do so using super.
• super has two general forms of uses:

1. The first use is to, call the super class's constructor.
   1. The second use is to, access a member of the superclass that has been hidden by a member of a subclass. The member could be either a member variable or member method of a class

• Lets examine the uses of super, here in detail

1. First use of super :

Using super to call super class constructors.

A subclass can call, a super class constructor method, by use of the following form of super

super( parameter-list )

here parameter-list specifies, parameters needed, if any, by the constructor in the super class.

• Remember super() must always be the first statement, to be executed in side the subclasses

constructor.

/*

lets reconsider the example BoxWeigthDemo.java and save it as  BoxWeigthDemo1.java.

This program illustrates the power of ecapsulation and usage  of super key word in  the inheritance

process

*/

//   A complete implementation of BoxWeight

/*

This program illustrates the power of inheritance

*/

class Box

{

private double width;

private double height;

private double depth;

//constructor used when no dimensions specified.

Box()

{

width = height = depth = -1;

}

//constructor used when cube is created.

Box(double side)

{

width = height = depth = side;

}

// constructor used when all dimensions specified.

Box(double w, double h, double d)

{

width = w;

height = h;

depth = d;

}

// construct clone of an object

Box(Box obj)

{

width = obj.width;

height = obj.height;

depth = obj.depth;

}

// compute return volume

double volume ()

{

return depth * height * depth;

}

}

// here, Box is extended to include weight

class BoxWeight extends Box

{

double weight; // weight of Box

// constructor for BoxWeight class with no values initialized

BoxWeight()

{

super();

weight =-1;

}

// constructor for BoxWeight class,for creating a cube object

BoxWeight(double len, double m)

{

super(len);

weight = m;

}

// constructor for BoxWeight class, accepting four arguments (three of sides and one of weight)

BoxWeight(double w, double h, double d, double m)

{

super(w,h,d);

weight = m;

}

// constructor for BoxWeight class

BoxWeight(Box obj, double m)

{

super(obj);

weight = m;

}

}

// Implementation of class BoxWeight class

class BoxWeightDemo1

{

public static void main(String args[])

{

BoxWeight MyBox1 = new BoxWeight(23.33,33.33,43.33,50);

BoxWeight MyBox2 = new BoxWeight(33.33,43.33,53.33,150);

BoxWeight MyBox3 = new BoxWeight(MyBox1,150);

double vol = MyBox1.volume();

System.out.println("volume of MyBox1 is  : "+vol);

System.out.println("weight of MyBox1 is  : "+MyBox1.weight+" kgs");

vol = MyBox2.volume();

System.out.println("volume of MyBox2 is  : "+vol);

System.out.println("weight of MyBox2 is  : "+MyBox2.weight+" kgs");

vol = MyBox3.volume();

System.out.println("volume of MyBox3 is  : "+vol);

System.out.println("weight of MyBox3 is  : "+MyBox3.weight+" kgs");

}

}

Explanation : super is called with an object of BoxWeight and not of type Box. This still invokes the constructor Box(Box obj).

lets consider another example, now consider BoxColorDemo class again,

// complete implementation of BoxColor

/*  This program illustrates the power of inheritance  */

class Box

{

private double width,height,depth;

//constructor used when no dimensions specified.

Box()

{

width = height = depth = -1;

}

//constructor used when all dimensions specified.

Box(double w, double h, double d)

{

width = w;

height = h;

depth = d;

}

//constructor used when cube is created.

Box(double side)

{

width = height = depth = side;

}

//construct clone of an object

Box(Box obj)

{

width = obj.width;

height = obj.height;

depth = obj.depth;

}

//compute return volume

double volume ()

{

return depth * height * depth;

}

}

// here, Box is extended to include color

class BoxColor extends Box

{

String color;// color of Box

// constructor for BoxColor, for a cube, class

BoxColor(double len, String str)

{

super(len);

color = str;

}

// constructor for BoxColor class

BoxColor(double w, double h, double d, String str)

{

super(w,h,d);

color =str;

}

// constructor for BoxColor class accepting object of type class as parameter

BoxColor(Box obj,String str)

{

super(obj);

color = str;

}

}

// implementation of BoxColor

class BoxColorDemo1

{

public static void main(String args[])

{

BoxColor MyBox1 = new BoxColor(23.33,33.33,43.33,"RED");

BoxColor MyBox2 = new BoxColor(33.33,43.33,53.33,"BLUE");

BoxColor MyBox3 = new BoxColor(MyBox1,"BLUE");

double vol = MyBox1.volume();

System.out.println("volume of MyBox1 is  : "+vol);

System.out.println("Color of MyBox1 is  : "+MyBox1.color);

vol = MyBox2.volume();

System.out.println("volume of MyBox2 is  : "+vol);

System.out.println("Color of MyBox2 is  : "+MyBox2.color);

vol = MyBox3.volume();

System.out.println("volume of MyBox3 is  : "+vol);

System.out.println("Color of MyBox3 is  : "+MyBox3.color);

}

}

Explanation : super is called with an object of BoxColor and not of type Box. This still invokes the constructor Box(Box obj).

• Remember

ü  When a sub class calls super(), it is calling the constructor of its immediate super class.

ü  super() always refers to the super class immediately above the calling class.

ü  Also, super() must always be the first statement to be executed inside a subclass constructor.

1.1 Lets examine of super in multilevel hierarchy , the below program which reveals the  usage

/*

In this program Box is used as a super class of BoxWeight and (this subclass ) Box weight

is used as a   super class of ShipMent

*/

class Box

{

private double width;

private double height;

private double depth;

//constructor used when no dimensions specified.

Box()

{

width = height = depth = -1;

}

//constructor used when cube is created.

Box(double side)

{

width = height = depth = side;

}

// constructor used when all dimensions specified.

Box(double w, double h, double d)

{

width = w;

height = h;

depth = d;

}

// construct clone of an object

Box(Box obj)

{

width = obj.width;

height = obj.height;

depth = obj.depth;

}

// compute return volume

double volume ()

{

return depth * height * depth;

}

}

// Here, class Box is extended to include weight

class BoxWeight extends Box

{

double weight; // weight of Box

// constructor used when dimensions are not specified,for BoxWeight class

BoxWeight()

{

super();

weight = -1;

}

// construct a cube of BoxWeight class

BoxWeight(double len, double m)

{

super(len);

weight = m;

}

// constructor for BoxWeight class,when all dimensions are specified.

BoxWeight(double w, double h, double d, double m)

{

super(w,h,d);

weight = m;

}

// construct a clone, for BoxWeight class

BoxWeight(BoxWeight obj)

{

super(obj);

weight =obj.weight;

}

}

// Here, class BoxWeight is extended to include cost

class ShipMent extends BoxWeight

{

double cost;

//construct when no values are supplied

ShipMent()

{

super();

cost = -1;

}

//construct when cube create

ShipMent(double side,double m,double c)

{

super(side,m);

cost = c;

}

//construct when all values supplied

ShipMent(double w,double h,double d,double m,double c)

{

super(w,h,d,m);

cost = c;

}

//construct clone of object

ShipMent(ShipMent obj)

{

super(obj);

cost = obj.cost;

}

}

class ShipMentDemo

{

public static void main(String args[])

{

ShipMent MyBox1 = new ShipMent(23.33,33.33,43.33,50,153.89);

ShipMent MyBox2 = new ShipMent(33.33,150,304.78);

ShipMent MyBox3 = new ShipMent(MyBox1);

double vol = MyBox1.volume();

System.out.println("volume of MyBox1 is  : "+vol);

System.out.println("weight of MyBox1 is  : "+MyBox1.weight+" kgs");

System.out.println("weight of MyBox1 is  : "+MyBox1.cost+"/-");

vol = MyBox2.volume();

System.out.println("volume of MyBox2 is  : "+vol);

System.out.println("weight of MyBox2 is  : "+MyBox2.weight+" kgs");

System.out.println("weight of MyBox2 is  : "+MyBox2.cost+"/-");

vol = MyBox3.volume();

System.out.println("volume of MyBox3 is  : "+vol);

System.out.println("weight of MyBox3 is  : "+MyBox3.weight+" kgs");

System.out.println("weight of MyBox3 is  : "+MyBox3.cost+"/-");

}

}

Explanation :

1.2       In which order, are the constructors called?

• In a class hierarchy, constructors are called in the order of derviation, that is from super class to sub class,
• Further, since super() must be the first statement, to be executed in a subclass constructor. This order is the same whether of not, super() is used. If super() is not used, then the default (parameter less) for each super class will be executed constructor.

Lets  understand the above said with an example,shown below

/*

A Program demonstrating order of call, of constructors'

*/

class A

{

int i,j;

A()

{

System.out.println("Hi The constructor of A class is called");

}

}

class B extends A

{

int k,l;

B()

{

System.out.println("Hi The constructor of B class is called");

}

}

class C extends B

{

int m,n;

C()

{

System.out.println("Hi The constructor of C class is called");

}

C(int x,int y)

{

m = x;

n = y;

System.out.println("Hi The constructor of C class is called value of m and n "+m+" "+n);

}

}

class OrderOfConsDemo

{

public static void main(String args[])

{

C obj1 = new C();

C obj2 = new C(1,2);

}

}

Explanation : observe the out put's of both objects obj1 and obj2.

1. Second use of super :

To access members of the super class hidden by members of the subclass. The member could

either be a  variable or a method, of a class. The general form is

super.member

2.1 super used to access hidden member variables of a super class

/*          lets best illustrate the usage of super with an example, shown below         */

//usage of super to over come name hidingf

class A

{

int i;

}

class B extends A

{

int i,j; // this hides the i in class A

B(int x,int y)

{

i = x;

super.i = y;

j = super.i;

}

void show()

{

System.out.println("value of i in class A  "+super.i+"value of j  "+j);

}

}

class UseSuper

{

public static void main(String args[])

{

B obj = new B(10,20);

System.out.println("value of i in B class is "+obj.i);

System.out.println("value of i in A class is "+obj.j);

obj.show();

}

}

Let us bring  polymorhism memories again

We had already discussion about polymorphism in session (DetailedLookAtMethodsAndClasses-2). There we had discussed, in length, about one form of polymorphism: method overloading.

In this session we discuss, method overriding in detail.

2.2   Method Over Riding In a class hierarchy when a method in a sub class and super class, has the same name and type signature(parameters), then the method in subclass, is said to over ride, the method in the super class.

• Remember

ü  When an overridden method is called from with in a subclass.The call will always refer to the version of the method defined by the subclass.The version defined by the super class will always be hidden.

lets understand, with an example shown, below.

/*

Method overriding

*/

// method overriding demo

class A

{

int i,j;

A(int x,int y)

{

i = x;

j = y;

}

void display()

{

System.out.println("Display method of class A is called with values of i and j "+i+" "+j);

}

}

class B extends A

{

int k,l;

B(int x,int y)

{

super(x+10,y+10);

k = x;

l = y;

/* possible to assign values to i and j of class A in constructor of B

i = x + 10;

j = y + 10;

*/

}

void display()

{

System.out.println("Display method of class B is called with values of K and l "+k+" "+l);

}

}

class MethodOverRideDemo

{

public static void main(String args[])

{

B obj = new B(20,23);

obj.display();//this calls display() method of class B

}

}

• Remember

ü  Over ridden methods allow java to support dynamic, run-time polymorphism.

ü  Method over riding occurs only when name and type signatures of the two methods are identical, If they are not then the methods are simply over loaded.

ü   Polymorphism is essential to object oriented programming for one reason, it allows to specify methods in a general class that will be common to all  of its,subclasss'(derivatives),while allowing the subclasses to define specific implementation of some or all of those methods.

2.2.1 Applying Method Over Loading lets examine the benefits of method over riding with the help of  examples below

/*

This program creates a super class called Figure that stores dimensions of various,two

dimensional objects.It also defines a method called area() that computes the area of an

object.The program derives two subclasses from figure.The first is Rectangle and the second

is Triangle.Each of these subclasses overrides area() so that it returns the area of a

rectangle and a triangle, respectively.

*/

class Figure

{

double dim1;

double dim2;

Figure(double x,double y)

{

dim1 = x;

dim2 = y;

}

double area()

{

System.out.println("Area of figure undefined");

return 0;

}

}

class Rectangle extends Figure

{

Rectangle(double x,double y)

{

super(x,y);

}

double area()

{

return dim1 * dim2;

}

}

class Triangle extends Figure

{

Triangle(double x,double y)

{

super(x,y);

}

double area()

{

return (float)1/2 * dim1 * dim2;

}

}

class FindArea

{

public static void main(String args[])

{

Figure    fig = new Figure(10,10);

Rectangle rec = new Rectangle(9,5);

Triangle  tri = new Triangle(10,8);

System.out.println("area of figure is "+ fig.area());

System.out.println("area of rectangle is "+ rec.area());

System.out.println("area of triangle is "+ tri.area());

}

}

3  Introducing final key word

The key word final has three uses.

ü  First,it can be used to create the equivalent of a named constant.

ü  The other two uses of final apply to inheritance.

Both are examined here

3.1 Using final with variable

• Declaring a variable , as final, prevents the contents of the variable from being modified.

Syntax:

final type variable-name = value;

For example

final int FILE_OPEN = 1;

final int FILE_CLOSE = 2;

final int FILE_SAVE = 3;

final int FILE_ SAVEAS = 4;

final int FILE_ QUIT = 5;

• The variable declared as final can be directly used with in the program, FILE_OPEN ,  FILE_NEW,FILE_SAVE etc as if they were constants, with out fear that a value has been changed).

• Remember

ü  You must initialize a variable declared as final, during declaration only( final is similar to const in c,c++).

ü  It is a coding convention to choose all upper case indentifiers for final variables.

3.2 Using final with inheritance

i) Using final to prevent over riding:

Though method over riding is java's most powerful feature, there will be times when you will want to prevent it from occurring.To achieve this simply specify final as a modifier at the start of its declaration, consider the code fragment

//fragment of code demonstrating erroneous implementation of over riding

class A

{

final void meth()

{

System.out.println("This is a final method");

}

}

class B extends A

{

void meth()  //Error can't over ride cause meth() method is already declared as final in class A

{

System.out.println("This method wont be printed");

}

}

/*

This program demonstrates practically that over loaded forms of methods are not

affected by methods declared as final.

*/

class A

{

final void meth()

{

System.out.println("This is the final method");

}

}

class B extends A

{

void meth()               //Not Ok, Error; cause This meth() is declared final in class A

{

System.out.println("illegal and this wont work");

}

void meth( int x){//This is ok because over loaded form of meth(int x) is

System.out.println("u are in B and x = "+x);//not declared final in class A

}

}

class UseFinalMethod

{

public static void main(String args[])

{

B obj1 = new B();

obj1.meth(2);

}

}

Explanation:

• Remember

ü   Only those methods, with same name and signature parameter , declared as final cannot be over rided but they can be over loaded. as demonstrated in the above example.

ü  If final method tried to be over ridden, compile time error will occur.

ii) Using FINAL to prevent Inheritance

Though Inheritance is java's most powerful feature, there will be times when you will want a class, to be prevented, from being  inherited. To achieve this simply specify final as a modifier preceding the class declaration.

Thus to prevent a class from being further inherited, follow the general syntax shown below

final class class-name

{

// statements;

}

consider the code fragment,

final class A

{

//statements;

}

class B extends A // Error ! can't sub class

{

//statements;

}

2.            Abstract Classes

Some times we would want to create a super class that only defines a generalized form , that will be common to all  of its, subclasses '(derivatives), leaving it to each sub class to fill in the details.

You may have certain  methods  which must be over ridden by a subclass, so that the sub class will have a meaning. In such a case, there should be some way to ensure that a subclass does, indeed, over ride all necessary methods. Javas' solution to this problem is the abstract method.

To declare a method abstract use the following general form:

abstract   return-type  method-name(ParameterList);

• Remember

ü  abstract method,  does not define method body defined.

Any class that contains one or more abstract methods must also be declared abstract. To declare a

class  abstract simply use the abstract key word in front of the class key word at the beginning of

the class declaration as shown below

abstract class class-name

{

abstract method1(ParameterList);

abstract method2(ParameterList);

//

//

abstract methodN(ParameterList);

}

Restrictions with Abstract Classes

• It is illegal to declare a class as both final and abstract, becuase an abstract class is incomplete by it self and relies up on a sub class for implementation.
• An abstract class cannot be directly instantiated with the new operator because such objects would be useless as an abstract class is not fully defined.
• An abstract class cannot declare abstract constructors.
• An abstract class cannot declare static abstract methods.
• Any subclass of an abstract class must be either implement all of the abstract methods of the super class or be declared it self as abstract.

Lets' illustrate this with the help of an example.

/*

A simple demonstration of abstract class

*/

abstract class A

{

abstract void CallMe();

// concrete methods are still allowed in abstract class

void CallMeToo()

{

System.out.println("This is a fully defined method in abstract class");

}

}

class B extends A

{

// since call me is an abstract method ic class A, so it is over ridden below

void CallMe()

{

System.out.println("B's implementation of CallMe which is an abstract" +

"method in class A");

}

}

class AbstractClassDemo

{

public static void main(String args[])

{

B Obj1 = new B();

Obj1.CallMe();

Obj1.CallMeToo();

}

}

• Remember

ü  Although abstract classes cannot be used to instantiate objects, they can be used to create object references.

ü   Concrete methods, which define the entire body, are still allowed in abstract class.

Although abstract classes cannot be used to instantiate objects, they can be used to create object references.

As we are aware java's runtime polymorphism is implemented through the use of super class references.Thus it must be possible to create a reference to an abstract class so that it can be used to point to a subclass object. This is best illustrated with the example below

/*

using abstract method and classes and creating  a reference to an abstract class so that it

can be used to point to a subclass object. This is best illustrated with the example below

*/

abstract class Figure

{

double dim1,dim2;

Figure(double x,double y)

{

dim1 = x;

dim2 = y;

}

abstract double area();

}

class Rectangle extends Figure

{

Rectangle(double x,double y)

{

super(x,y);

}

double area()

{

return dim1 * dim2;

}

}

class Triangle extends Figure

{

Triangle(double x,double y)

{

super(x,y);

}

double area()

{

return ((float)1/2)*(dim1*dim2);

}

}

class AbstractClassImplementation

{

public static void main(String args[])

{

//            Figure f = new Figure(10,10);//Illegal because abstract classes cannot be

//instantiated

Rectangle r = new Rectangle(9,5);

Triangle t = new Triangle(10,8);

Figure figref;//creating instance variable of Figure with null as value stored.

figref = r;

System.out.println("area of Rectangle is "+ figref.area());

figref = t;

System.out.println("area of Triangle is "+ figref.area());

}

}

About the Author

I am a trainer and developer in java and oracle technoliogies.

you can reach me on raju.allu@yahoo.co.in

Recently Purchased Hunting Accessories: